ABSTRACT
This book discusses the applications and optimization of emerging smart technologies in the field of healthcare. It further explains different modeling scenarios of the latest technologies in the healthcare system and compares the results to better understand the nature and progress of diseases in the human body, which would ultimately lead to early diagnosis and better treatment and cure of diseases with the help of distributed technology. Covers the implementation models using technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning with distributed systems for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Gives in-depth review of technological advancements like advanced sensing technologies such as plasmonic sensors, usage of RFIDs, and electronic diagnostic tools in the field of healthcare engineering. Discusses possibilities of augmented reality and virtual reality interventions for providing unique solutions in medical science, clinical research, psychology, and neurological disorders. Highlights the future challenges and risks involved in the application of smart technologies such as cloud computing, fog computing, IOT, and distributed computing in healthcare. Confers to utilize the AI and ML and associated aids in healthcare sectors in the post-Covid 19 period to revitalize the medical setup. Contributions included in the book will motivate technological developers and researchers to develop new algorithms and protocols in the healthcare field. It will serve as a vast platform for gaining knowledge regarding healthcare delivery, health- care management, healthcare in governance, and health monitoring approaches using distributed environments. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and researchers in diverse engineering fields including electrical, electronics and communication, computer, and biomedical fields. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Preeti Nagrath, Jafar A. Alzubi, Bhawna Singla, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues and A. K. Verma;individual chapters, the contributors.
ABSTRACT
2020 will be remembered not only for the COVID-19 pandemic but also for introducing some entirely new concepts like "lockdown” and "social distancing” which brought the entire world to a standstill. Lockdown approach can have a wide range of implications not just on the economy but also on the physical, mental and social well-being of the people. We investigated the impact of 78 days nationwide lockdown in 2020 on profile of the post-mortem cases being brought for autopsy to the mortuary of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. Further 78 days of post lockdown period in 2020 were also included in the study and compared with the corresponding time periods in 2019. A total of 3657 cases were included in the study, 2042 in 2019 and 1615 in 2020. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) from logistic regression modeling were used to compare the mortality due to different causes across the four study timeperiods. Deaths due to RTAs were significantly lower in the lockdown period (aOR = 0.59, CI 0.48, 0.73, p<0.001). An increase in deaths due to drowning (aOR = 2.27, CI 1.26, 4.11, p=0.007) and hanging (aOR = 1.56, CI 1.22, 2.18, p=0.008) was detected during the lockdown period compared to 2019 while odds of burn deaths were half (aOR=0.50, 95%CI 0.34, 0.75, p=0.001) during the lockdown period in 2020, compared to the equivalent period in 2019. We have shown significant differences in deaths due to different causes as a result of lockdown. An insight into these mortality patterns during the pandemic could be beneficial in future preparedness for the containment measures. © 2022,Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine.All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 pandemic had led to varied psychological distress among Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) patients. An early assessment of knowledge and attitude of the patient towards COVID-19 can aid us in their psychological counselling and healthy well-being during the ongoing treatment. Aims and objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 of Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients during the pandemic. Method(s): This cross-sectional, hospital-based study included 361 PTB patients. A semi-structured pre-defined questionnaires (designed by D. Roy et al.,) using a non-probability snowball sampling technique was done to evaluate knowledge and attitude related to COVID-19 in PTB patients. Result(s): Among the 361 of the Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients, 69% (n=250) had Drug Resistance PTB (DR-TB). Younger age group, 18 to 30 years constituted majority of the study subjects i.e.,61% (n=220). With the help of Likert scaling the trend of knowledge and attitude of COVID-19 in PTB patients were analysed. In our study most of the patients was well versed about COVID-19 pandemic and showed peak of favourable response during the 1st wave (from May 2020- July 2020) and in the initiation of 2nd wave (from March 2021-April 2021). Among DR-TB patients 51% (n=126) had satisfactory knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic. About 52%(n=130) of DR-TB patients had optimistic attitude toward COVID-19. Conclusion(s): As PTB, itself is a devastating disease, proper management & psychosocial support of such patients should be one of the prime issues. It can also assist us to formulate mitigation protocol in our near future.
ABSTRACT
Title: To estimate oxidative stress and DNA damage in Post COVID patients. Background There are a subset of COVID-19 patients who develop sequelae to the disease and oxidative stress is a less studied factor in the development of the sequelae. Aims and Objectives: We have estimated levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) via malondialdehyde assay kit and DNA damage via alkaline comet assay in hospitalized post-COVID patients symptomatic 4 weeks after testing RT-PCR positive and studied their clinical radiological correlation as a means of estimating the oxidative stress in them. Method(s): It was a single-center, hospital-based comparative case-control pilot study in which 40 post-COVID-19 patients and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. The residual symptoms and baseline clinical and radiological profile of the subjects were also assessed and lipid peroxidation and DNA comet analysis were performed in the blood samples of patients and controls. Result(s): Mean value of LPO was increased (1155.9 +/- 204.82 nmol/ml) in post COVID subjects as compared to controls (715.5 +/- 85.51nmole/ml (P=0.0405). Values were directly proportional to the Severity of COVID (P=0.0317) and X-ray severity score(P=0.009) and were found higher in patients with comorbidities (P=0.0320) and multisystem involvement specifically in those developing a neurological sequela (P=0.0083). Damaged DNA tails and the tailing is directly proportional to DNA damage. The comet parameters measured in our study were Tail length, Tail DNA (%), and Olive tail moment. All these comet parameters were found elevated in Post COVID subjects as compared with healthy controls. Conclusion(s): Oxidative stress and DNA damage, has a role in the development of post-COVID sequelae as seen by high levels of LPO and tail DNA in these subjects.
ABSTRACT
The great use of telecommunication technology propels new healthcare system of telemedicine through which diagnosis as well as treatment can be done in the remote areas. The ancient Greek language explain the terminology of telemedicine in the phrase of distance healing. As per WHO, Telemedicine is the delivery of health-care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health-care professionals using information and communications technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and the continuing education of health-care workers, with the aim of advancing the health of individuals and communities. Historically the concept of teleconsultation was evolved in the first half of twentieth century when the data of ECG was communicated through telephone lines, this can be traced as first evidence of this unique healthcare system. Further the introduction of electrical system of telegraph as well as evolution of telephone revolutionized this system of healthcare. when the Technology of telemedicine help both patients as well as service providers in multiple ways involving physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, paramedical staff, IT and electronics engineers, government, hospitals and end user public Location is now a days no problem and therefore there is no limitation of the availability of healthcare facilities to such location or remote location. The biggest role in such development is played by the communication technology which may provide healthcare services to every nook and corner of the location. It can decrease the health staff pressure because in India WHO guidelines ask to maintain the ratio 1:1000 of doctor and Indian public compared to present 0.62:1000 ratio of doctor and public. The great advantage of this system is that in case of epidemic or pandemic like COVID 19 Telemedicine can keep the health staff are well general public free from contagious infection (COVID-19). There are a number of networking communication modes that can be applied, which may improve the patient compliance,dosage regimen can be managed in better fashion thus increase the longevity of person life. Disasters management during pandemics present unique challenges which can be addressed effectively as happened during the lockdown. This technology-based practice can break the infectivity chain of the transmission of communicable diseases This chapter incorporates basic concept of telemedicine, its origin and types, communication technologies, services by telemedicine, types of telemedicine, tools of telemedicine, telemedicine software's and guidelines related to practicingtelemedicine in reference to Indian context. Copyright © RJPT All right reserved.
ABSTRACT
The great use of telecommunication technology propels new healthcare system of telemedicine through which diagnosis as well as treatment can be done in the remote areas. The ancient Greek language explain the terminology of telemedicine in the phrase of distance healing. As per WHO, Telemedicine is the delivery of health-care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health-care professionals using information and communications technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and the continuing education of health-care workers, with the aim of advancing the health of individuals and communities. Historically the concept of teleconsultation was evolved in the first half of twentieth century when the data of ECG was communicated through telephone lines, this can be traced as first evidence of this unique healthcare system. Further the introduction of electrical system of telegraph as well as evolution of telephone revolutionized this system of healthcare. when the Technology of telemedicine help both patients as well as service providers in multiple ways involving physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, paramedical staff, IT and electronics engineers, government, hospitals and end user public Location is now a days no problem and therefore there is no limitation of the availability of healthcare facilities to such location or remote location. The biggest role in such development is played by the communication technology which may provide healthcare services to every nook and corner of the location. It can decrease the health staff pressure because in India WHO guidelines ask to maintain the ratio 1:1000 of doctor and Indian public compared to present 0.62:1000 ratio of doctor and public. The great advantage of this system is that in case of epidemic or pandemic like COVID 19 Telemedicine can keep the health staff are well general public free from contagious infection (COVID-19). There are a number of networking communication modes that can be applied, which may improve the patient compliance,dosage regimen can be managed in better fashion thus increase the longevity of person life. Disasters management during pandemics present unique challenges which can be addressed effectively as happened during the lockdown. This technology-based practice can break the infectivity chain of the transmission of communicable diseases This chapter incorporates basic concept of telemedicine, its origin and types, communication technologies, services by telemedicine, types of telemedicine, tools of telemedicine, telemedicine software's and guidelines related to practicingtelemedicine in reference to Indian context. Copyright © RJPT All right reserved.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 cardiovascular syndrome (PASC-CVS) is a heterogeneous disorder of post-COVID syndrome that involves a wide range of cardiovascular symptoms including palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea and dizziness. The clinical time-course of PASC-CVS is not well characterized. We sought to understand predictors of time to symptom improvement for patients with PASC-CVS. Method(s): Patients with PASC-CVS undergoing evaluation in a dedicated post-COVID cardiology clinic were recruited after informed consent. Information was obtained from chart review and included demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, time of infection to time of presentation to the clinic and time to improvement in symptoms. A multivariate linear regression model was used to determine predictors of time to improvement. Result(s): A total of 144 consecutive patients were included that had complete records available for review. Average age was 46 years, 74% were female and 94% were Caucasian. Comorbities included obesity (49%), mental health disorder (25%), hypertension (24%), hyperlipidemia (24%), pulmonary disease (18%), type II diabetes (9%), atrial arrhythmia (5%) and coronary artery disease (3%). Time from infection to presentation (p <0.001), chest pain (p 0.002) and dyspnea (<0.001) demonstrated significant associations with time to improvement of symptoms and were used in the multivariate regression model (F 27.8, p<0.001). The time to presentation predicted the longest time to symptom improvement, followed by dyspnea, chest pain, and dizziness. Conclusion(s): This analysis of a large group of PASC-CVS patients suggests those who wait longer to seek care for PASC-CVS symptoms may have longer duration of post-COVID symptoms. Additionally, specific symptoms may take longer to improve than others. Patients with PASC-CVS should therefore consider early medical care to mitigate symptoms and reduce duration of post-COVID syndrome.
ABSTRACT
Microgreens became evident specialty food product that attains quality and higher attention these days. Young foliaged greens are relished as a delicacy for its color, crunchiness and flavor. Microgreens are a novel category of wholesome vegetables which can be harvested after the emergence of primary leaves. Microgreens have fresh aroma and used as freshly made ingredients. By and large, they are used as salads and garnishing for wide variety of dishes. These microgreens have high nutritional value as it contains ample amount of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and nourishes the human health. Generally, cultivated microgreens are peas, kale, beets, radish, sunflower and arugula. However, they ordinarily enclose a quick fundamental measure because of speedy product deterioration. On examination, microgreens and mature greens, microgreens were the richest sources of water-soluble vitamin and zinc, which are suggested to spice up the immunity of the body throughout the current state of affairs of COVID-19 threat. Hence, these could also be observed as natural supplements. This paper aims to furnish an outline of the organic process facts, their comparison with sprouts, potential bioactive compounds, and cultivation, harvesting, and promoting of microgreens at the side of their future perspective.
ABSTRACT
Background: Post COVID -19 infection has wide range of presentation, cavitation and fungal infections were very common in these patients especially when they are immune compromised. This is a case study of a post covid patient with cavitary consolidation and Rasmussen's aneurysm secondary to invasive aspergillus infection. Case Study: A 62 year old gentleman, hypertensive, diabetic and survivor of severe COVID-19 infection presented with low grade fever, breathlessness and cough with expectoration. The CT scan showed bilateral cavitary consolidation . Sputum examination showed aspergillus growth and MTB negative. Serum galactomannan was positive. While getting treated with antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillus infection, he had one episode of massive haemoptysis. CT angiography showed Rasmussen aneurysm and planned for bronchial artery embolization. But the patient was not willing for any urgent intervention and got discharged on request after stabilisation, warning signs were explained. After 5 days patient had massive haemoptysis followed by circulatory collapse. Patient could not be saved even after resuscitation measures and emergency intubation. Discussion: Rasmussen's aneurysm is a pseudo-aneurysmal dilatation of a branch of pulmonary artery secondary to chronic inflammation in a contiguous cavity. The reported incidence of such pathology is around 5% in cavitary lesions. It may ruptures into the cavity, producing massive haemoptysis. Conclusion: Rasmussen aneurysm itself is a very dangerous entity irrespective of its etiology. Early interventions to prevent the fatal haemoptysis is the management strategy as conservative treatment may not give us enough time to act at the time of emergency.
ABSTRACT
Background: Amidst fight against COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to mitigate other communicable disease threatening public health including TB has taken a back step. Limited evidence exists about the change in prevalence of Pediatric Dr. TB post 2020. Objective: The study aimed to find out the change in prevalence of Pediatric DR TB pre and post 2020. Methods: Descriptive retrospective and prospective study. Pediatric Dr. TB was defined on the basis of Gene X pert/ line probe assay and/ or drug susceptibility testing (DST). Results: Prevalence of Pediatric Dr. TB in year 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 (January-September) were 17.4%, 15.1%, 18.4% and 16.6% respectively in the age group of 1-18 years. Majority (93.9%, 90.5%, 89.5%, 96.8%) had pulmonary TB. Cumulative prevalence of Pediatric Dr. TB for the 24 months of year 2018 & 2019 was 16.3% while it was 17.6% for the 21 months of year 2020 & 2021 (January-September). It reveals an increase of 4.1%. On extrapolating the prevalence rate of Dr. TB for the 9 months of year 2021, prevalence rate of Dr. TB by the end of year 2021 is expected to be 22.1%. Among Dr. TB, prevalence (%) of XDR TB;MDR TB;monoresistant TB for year 2018, 2019, 2020 & 2021 was (10.9,88.0,1.1), (5.1,92.8,2.1), (3.4,94.9,1.7) and (7.4,91.6,1.0) respectively. Conclusion: With this report of increase in prevalence of Pediatric Dr. TB, it has become the need of the hour to start focusing on TB vigorously and to take uncompromising relentless measures to achieve the country's vision to eliminate TB by 2025.
ABSTRACT
Background: We estimated levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (Lipid peroxidation (LPO) via Malondialdehyde MDA concentration , Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Reductase (GR) and Total antioxidant activity (TAA) in patients who were symptomatic beyond 4 weeks of COVID infection. Methods: It's a single centre, hospital based case control study in which levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in 40 Long COVID patients and 40 healthy controls were compared and analysed with their clinico-radiological profile. Results: 1. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) was significantly higher (1155.9 ± 204.82nmole/ml) in Long COVID patients as compared to control (715.5 ± 85.51nmole/ml) (p value 0.0405) 2. SOD in Long COVID patients was lower (18.05 ± 2.83 unit/mg) as compared to control (27.36 ± 2.18 unit/ mg) (p value 0.0096) 3. GR was reduced in Long COVID patients (10.2 ± 1.26 unit/min/mg of protein) as compared to control (15.7 ± 1.42 unit/min/mg of protein) (p value 0.0356) 4. TAA was also moderated in Long COVID patients (94.61 ± 16.40mM) as compared to control (241.64 ± 12.95mM) , (p value 0.0486) 5. LPO was directly and remaining markers were inversely proportional to the Severity of COVID and Xray Severity score 6. The patients with added comorbidities showed even higher oxidative stress than those with no comorbidities (p value 0.05) 7. Lipid peroxidation was significantly high in patients who developed neurological sequelae after COVID infection (p value 0.0083). Conclusion: A subset of patients develop a sequelae to COVID infection and in those patients oxidative stress plays a major role.
ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in Wuhan and has quickly spread worldwide. The mortality rate in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is high. This study analyzed clinical comorbidities in different groups to early identify harsh or critical patients. Objective: To identify different clinical symptoms and comorbidities in CIVID 19 patients. Methods: In this single-center, cross-sectional study, 142 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities were assessed. Results: Of the 142 patients, 92(64.8%) were male, with a mean age of (56.00±14.81)years. The patients were elderly above 60(n = 62,43.7%) and adults (n = 80). Of these, 92 (64.7%) had comorbidities. Patients with severe COVID pneumonia 102(71.8%)were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 12(8.5%) patients have died. On admission, the main clinical manifestations were Fever (90.1%), dyspnea (83.8%), cough (78.2%), Anosmia (19%),alteration of taste (13.4%), haemoptysis (10.6%),headache (5.6%) and conjunctivitis (3.5%). Common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus(42.3%),hypertension (27.5%),Obesity (10.6%),heart failure (6.3%),COPD (3.5%),Asthma (2.5%),coronary artery disease (2.1%), ILD (2.1%),Post tubercular (1.4%),and CKD,CLD less than one perent.19% patients had history of contact COVID 19 cases. Smoking was present in 8.5% of cases. One comorbidity has been seen in 46, two in 28, and more than two in 5 patients. Patients were divided into four groups: no comorbidities, one comorbidity, two comorbidities, and more than two comorbidities. ANOVA test was used and showed that the value of serum creatinine (p=.017), serum bilirubin (p=.006), and serum SGOT (P=.009) were significantly associated. Conclusion: Severe COVID 19 disease had the worst outcome. In addition, serum creatinine and serum bilirubin values differed significantly in different comorbidities groups.
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of the Covid-19 emerged from Wuhan, Hubei province of China, spread geo-spatially in more than 210 countries causing more than 96.7 million people of the global population infected and 2.06 million deaths (as on 20th January 2021) from 25.416 million people infected and 0.851 million deaths (as on 30th August 2020), which is still spreading in geo-spatiotemporal way to the new geographical locations. There are marked variations in the spectrum of daily new cases of covid-19 between different countries. People do not receive sufficient sunlight to retain adequate vitamin D levels during winter in countries situated at the latitude beyond 35°N. Vitamin D is important in preventing the cytokine storm and subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome that is commonly the cause of mortality. The global spreading of covid-19 caused marked variations in population mortality between different countries situated at different latitudes, which suggest establishing the correlation between latitude and the severity of the covid-19 outbreak. In this paper, geo-spatial big data analysis has been carried out for determining the impact of latitude and the role of vitamin-D on population mortality for 52 countries situated between the latitude 64°N and 35°S, based on population mortality data from 15th April 2020 to 30th June 2021, which shows relatively lower population mortality in countries that lie below the latitude 38°N. This paper explains the variability factor of population mortality from 3rd May 2020 to 30th January 2021 with respect to population mortality on 15th April 2020 for determining the severity of the covid-19, which shows the significant severity of the covid-19 outbreak in the country such as South Africa, Colombia, Russia, Kuwait, India, Mexico and Ukraine during 30th September 2020 to 30th January 2021 and sudden rise of variability factor for Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Austria and Poland. © ACRS 2021.All right reserved.
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of the Covid-19 originated from Wuhan City, quickly spread across China and beyond following human mobility patterns covering more than 210 countries of the globe, and World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The outbreak of Covid-19 spread geo-spatial and spatiotemporal way in countries situated at latitude between 64°N and 35°S, causing more than 182.969 million (182,969,081) people of the global population infected and 3.963 million (3,963,102) deaths ( as on 30 June 2021). The spatial spreading of covid-19 spectrum due to large-scale migrations were reported in the southeast Asian region, with the first case in Thailand on 13 January 2020, which is followed by South Korea on 20 January 2020, and Vietnam and Taiwan on 22 January 2020 prior to reach Hong Kong and Singapore on 23 January 2020. Malaysia reported the first covid-19 case on 25 January 2020, which further spread to Philippines on 30 January 2020 prior to reach Indian Sub-continent on 31 January 2020. There are marked variations in the spectrum of daily new Covid-19 cases and population mortality between different countries in the Southeast Asian region such as India, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Hong-Kong, and Myanmar. In this paper, spatial big data predictive analysis have been carried out based 5-days moving averages of new covid-19 cases from 19 February 2020 to 30 June 2021, which shows multiple surge of covid-19 spectrum in the southeast Asian region. This paper further describes the impact of latitude on population mortality for determining the severity of the outbreak based on population mortality data of 28 countries situated at latitude below 64°N from 15 April 2020 to 20 January 2021, whereas relatively lower population mortality observed for the countries situated at latitude below 38°N. © ACRS 2021.All right reserved.
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of Covid-19 emerged from Wuhan, China during December 2019 and spread geo-spatially in more than 200 countries causing more than 182.969 million people of the global population infected and 3.963 million deaths ( as on 30 June 2021), which is still spreading in geo-spatiotemporal way with multiple peaks of Covid- 19 spectrum. This has seriously threatened the human health and life of the people posing the challenges to control the severity due to multiple peaks of Covid-19 spectrum observed during the pandemic period. The spatial spreading of covid-19 spectrum due to large-scale migration from Hubei province of China caused the outbreak in the Southeast Asian region covering the latitude between 38°N to 6°S. The Southeast Asian countries observed first and second wave of covid-19 spectrum with different spectrum envelope, which caused severe population mortality depending upon the spectrum pattern of the outbreak. This spreading of the spectrum caused marked variations in population mortality between different countries depending upon Covid-19 spectrum envelope characteristics with its spectrum peak height and width, existing healthcare infrastructure and its supply chain management of healthcare delivery systems of the country, which stressed the need for Covid-19 spectrum analysis of the first and second wave, and population mortality to develop predictive spectrum models of the third wave to determine the severity and population mortality. In this paper, big-data predictive spectrum models of mortality have been developed based on the analysis of Covid-19 spectrum of the Southeast Asian region using spectrum envelope characteristics and population mortality data from 15 April 2020 to 30 June 2021, for predicting severity of third wave of Covid-19 outbreak, for countries that lie at the latitude beyond 38°N, which can be used by decision makers to design the lockdown measures and geo-spatial supply chain management of healthcare delivery system. © ACRS 2021.All right reserved.
ABSTRACT
Cumulatively, nearly a Hundred million COVID-19 cases and twenty-three lakhs deaths were reported till 12 February 2021. The number of deaths was so reduced when compared with the previous week on 24-30 August. COVID-19 is an academic degree acute unwellness caused by SARS-CoV-2, mainly known to attack the lungs. Most COVID-19 patients experience fever, cough, fatigue, anorexia, and shortness of breath. There is an academic degree imperative need for effective interventions presently. Activity an irregular controlled trial with a placebo arm throughout a fatal death pandemic is very troublesome. Until herd immunity develops against SARS-CoV-2, ideally through effective vaccines, the worldwide population will keep in peril. The chapter deals with immunomodulatory therapy for the clinical management of patients. © 2021 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
ABSTRACT
The mysterious virus SARS-CoV-2 originated in Wuhan, China, resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) turn out into a pandemic. On January 11, 2020, the most awaited genome sequence of the SAR COV-2 was released. After that, SARS-CoV- 2 genome sequences were released by China CDC;this created the new path for the development of the diagnostic kit, therapeutic agents, and most important, vaccine. Till January 26, 2021, 63 vaccine candidates are in clinical development, and 174 candidates are in preclinical development. Twenty vaccine candidates are using the protein subunit platform, which is 32% of the total vaccine platform used. The candidates of the vaccine are using a viral vector (non-replicating), DNA, Inactivated virus, RNA, viral vector (replicating), etc. In terms of dosage and schedule, 38 vaccine candidates are using two doses while 53 vaccine candidates are following the injectable route of administration. © 2021 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
ABSTRACT
Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are more likely to be at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their direct and/or indirect participation in treatment facilities. Here, we aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of ivermectin pre-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in HCWs. Materials and Methods: In this observational study HCWs who were directly/indirectly involved in the medication of COVID-19 patients were selected. The study questionnaire included demographic data;knowledge, attitudes, practices, and associated adverse drug reactions (ADR) after using ivermectin as pre-exposure prophylaxis in COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Network is a web of interconnected nodes forming various patterns called motifs. These motifs are also present in the temporal networks, i.e., networks which are tamped with timestamped edges. With the advancement of this temporal network, it is observed that the network is oriented toward the evolution of the motifs with time. So it is crucial to comprehend temporal motifs to study dynamic networks and provide important insights/predictions for them. In this chapter, we study the dynamic structure of motifs. All the key aspects related to the motif and temporal motif structures are explained in depth along with existing work. These multiple temporal motifs provide a finer picture of the network which congruence to the real-world data. It is interesting to note how these temporal motifs elaborated with time. We provide an example of progression in terms of motifs having minimum two nodes, three edges and maximum four nodes, four edges. While computing and analyzing different temporal motifs, a need of parallel algorithm is realized to identify the multiple temporal motifs of various patterns. The chapter also explains a basic application of these concepts by demonstrating the spread of infection such as COVID-19. The chapter serves as a basic starting point for understanding temporal network motifs and these ideas can be used for analyzing many real-world networks/social networks. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of the Covid-19 emerged from Wuhan, Hubei province of China, spread geo-spatially in more than 210 countries causing more than 25.416 million people of the global population infected and 0.851 million deaths (as on 30 August 2020), which is still exponentially spreading in geo-spatiotemporal way to the new geographical locations. The spread of covid-19 outbreak has seriously attacking societies at their core posing the human crisis, which is more than a global health crisis threatening the human health and life of the people. This unprecedented situation challenges to control the severity of the outbreak by creating a unique health response system to suppress the transmission of the virus to end the pandemic. There are marked variations in the spectrum of daily new cases of covid-19 between different countries that lie below latitudes 64°N, which resulted into six different stages of the spectrum of outbreak such as complete recoverable stage, recoverable stage, safe stage, stabilizing stage, critical stage and beyond the critical stage based on spatial big data analysis. People do not receive sufficient sunlight to retain adequate vitamin D levels during winter in countries situated at the latitude beyond 35°N. Vitamin D is important in preventing the cytokine storm and subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome that is commonly the cause of mortality, suggesting the need to establish the correlation between vitamin D and the severity of the covid-19 outbreak. The global spreading of covid-19 caused marked variations in population mortality between different countries situated at different latitudes. This stressed the importance of geo-spatial big data analysis for determining the effect of latitude on population mortality from covid-19 and its variability for understanding the severity of the outbreak. In this paper, geo-spatial big data analysis has been carried out for determining the impact of latitude and the role of vitamin-D on population mortality for 52 countries situated between the latitude 64°N and 35°S, based on population mortality data from 15 April to 30 August 2020. This paper explains the variability factor of population mortality from 03 May to 30 August 2020 with respect to population mortality on 15 April 2020 for 52 countries situated between the latitude 64°N and 35°S for determining the severity of the covid-19 outbreak. This study shows relatively lower population mortality for countries situated between the latitude 38°N and 35°S, whereas, countries that lie beyond 38°N shows relatively very high population mortality, confirming good correlation for different countries due to multiple peaks of population mortality observed. Further, this study shows relatively significant variability factor of population mortality for countries situated between the latitude 38°N and 35°S, whereas, countries situated beyond the latitude 38°N shows non-significant variability factor of population mortality. This paper explains very significant variability factor of population mortality observed for countries such as India, South Africa, Peru, Columbia, Mexico, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Russia and Ukraine from 03 May to 30 August 2020, whereas non-significant variability factor observed for countries such as Argentina, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Hong-Kong, Taiwan, Israel, Japan, Iran and South Korea. © 2020 ACRS 2020 - 41st Asian Conference on Remote Sensing. All rights reserved.